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Surge Protection for Panels: Type 1 / 2 / 3 and Where to Place Them

How to choose an SPD / surge arrester: Class I, II and III, where each goes in a panel, and why it needs a backup fuse.

A surge protective device (SPD) is cheap insurance against the one event that can take out an entire panel at once — a lightning-induced or switching surge riding the supply. The trick is putting the right class in the right place and protecting it with a fuse, or it becomes a hazard itself.

1. The three classes

ClassInstalled atRole
Type 1 (I)Main incomer, exposed sitesDiverts direct/near lightning current
Type 2 (II)Distribution / sub-boardsProtects equipment from residual surge
Type 3 (III)Outlet / equipment sideFinishes off residual micro-surges

A typical installation cascades Type 1 at the incoming board and Type 2 at each distribution board; Type 3 is only added at sensitive equipment. Never fit Type 1 without the earthing and bonding to carry the diverted current away.

2. The backup fuse is mandatory

An SPD that fails short-circuit must be disconnected by a coordinated backup fuse — usually a gG fuse or a dedicated SPD disconnector — sized from the manufacturer's coordination table. Without it, an end-of-life SPD can weld and feed a fault into the board. Specifying the SPD and its backup as a matched pair is non-negotiable.

3. Voltage protection level (Up) and Imax

ELEHPD surge arresters, surge-protected boards, MCBs and busbar let panel builders assemble a coordinated, fuse-backed protection stage.

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